Gender Equity
Gender equity and inclusion influences resilience from the global level to the community and household level, increasing everyone’s ability to cope with shocks.
The Complexities of Gender in the Face of Stress
Gender-based inequalities and vulnerabilities impact people’s exposure to shocks and access to resources to manage shocks. Yet, these gender-specific impacts should not be overgeneralized because they depend on individual, household, community, institutional and sociocultural contexts. They way men and women experience and respond to shocks also depends on the type of shock(s) to which they are exposed.
Resilience interventions should draw on evidence — including the appropriate project-level, sex-desegregated data — in order to promote gender equity and social inclusion and ensure that vulnerable groups, such as women, are not excluded from project benefits or even further marginalized over the course of interventions. When resilience interventions are done right, they can bolster gender equity and set women on a trajectory to achieve greater power and resilience than they had before.
Context Matters
Gender-Based Differences in the Face of Shocks and Stressors
Gender-based differences in vulnerability, mobility, time use and ownership/control of financial resources affect how people cope with shocks and stressors. Men and women can experience vulnerability from different sources:
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Men tend to be more vulnerable to migration risks.
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Men are often at greater risk of recruitment by extremist groups.
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Women often are at greater risk of adjusting food consumption patterns following a shock or stress, which may adversely impact maternal and child nutrition.
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Women are at greater risk of gender-based violence following a shock or stressor.
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Women’s assets are less likely than men’s to be kept in bank accounts, so women’s assets are more likely to be lost during a crisis.
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Women often face an increased domestic work burden during a disaster or crisis.
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In developed countries, men face more risks associated with first-responder work during disasters; in developing countries, women face risks associated with lack of access to warning information, transportation and shelter during disasters.
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Boys may be vulnerable to leaving school when their families need their labor.
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Girls may be vulnerable to leaving school when their families cannot afford tuition.
Empowering Women Empowers Communities
Women are more reticent than men to use their assets to manage shocks and stresses, for fear of falling into chronic poverty. Empowering women has been found to be particularly influential to household resilience. Women’s empowerment tends to reduce women’s use of negative coping mechanisms. Furthermore, households where women have more decision-making power are more likely to have more food security and social capital.
"Insights from Seven Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia"
Building the Evidence Base
A growing body of evidence shows the importance of gender equity and social inclusion as a resilience capacity. Following 2014 flooding exposure, Bangladeshi women with high empowerment scores maintained household food security longer than women with low empowerment scores. A study in Somalia found similar results. Women’s empowerment was significantly and positively associated with proactive coping strategies.
Current research has almost exclusively focused on women’s empowerment in building resilience. Future research should focus on differentiating vulnerabilities and capacities of men and boys as well. This may help us better understand how gender dynamics interact with resilience.
Further Reading
Take a deep dive into gender equity and resilience with these resources, which are referenced by links in the text above.
More About Gender Equity
Building Resilience through Inclusive Safety Nets: Empowering Marginalized Women
10 May 2024, GMT -4 - Inclusion Economics at Yale University
This event is part of Agency Learning and Evidence Month from May 2–30, USAID’s flagship celebration of research, evaluation,...
Women at the Forefront of Nutritional Resilience
04 Apr 2024 - CARE
This case study, conducted by the USAID-funded SHOUHARDO III Plus program, uses a Recurrent Monitoring Survey (RMS) to examine the repercussions of the conflict in Ukraine and the resulting rising food prices in...
USAID/Ethiopia Resilience Learning Activity: Systems Mapping of Gendered Impacts from Conflict
29 Mar 2024 - USAID/Ethiopia
This brief presents highlights from a Resilience Learning Activity (RLA) systems mapping analysis of gendered impacts of conflict on communities’ resilience to shocks across U.S. Agency for International Development...
USAID/Ethiopia Resilience Learning Activity: The Effects of the Northern Conflict on Women and Men in the Amhara Region
29 Mar 2024 - USAID/Ethiopia
This brief summarizes the findings from the Gender and Conflict Analysis conducted to understand the effects of the Tigray conflict on women and men in the Amhara Region.